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Elaine Ostrander led an international collaboration with Greger Larson and other researchers to study the evolutionary history of size differences in modern dogs, including very small breeds such as Pomeranians. The researchers determined that among dogs as a whole, there are many different variations of the gene that regulates the production of IGF-1 (insulin growth factor 1), a hormone that promotes growth. After reviewing the study, a student concludes that these variations must account for the observed variance in body size among dog breeds.