The student wants to refute a scientific assumption about the Leidenf… | Verbal SAT Question

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

The Leidenfrost effect occurs when liquid touches a solid surface significantly hotter than the liquid’s boiling point, forming a vapor layer that insulates the liquid before eventually collapsing.
Scientists long hypothesized that the temperatures at which Leidenfrost vapor forms and collapses vary depending on molecular variations in surfaces and liquids.
A 2023 study confirmed that the vapor’s formation temperature varies depending on molecular variations in surfaces and liquids.
The study also found that the vapor’s collapse temperature was “nearly independent of material and fluid properties, contrary to previous theories.”
The vapor’s collapse temperature remained consistent (around 140°C).

The student wants to refute a scientific assumption about the Leidenfrost effect. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Contrary to the hypothesis that vapor layer formation temperature is dictated by molecular variation, a 2023 study confirmed that the temperature at which the vapor layer forms depends on the surface and liquid used.

Though the vapor layer created by the Leidenfrost effect can be formed at a range of temperatures, the temperature at which the layer collapses varies depending on material and fluid properties.

Countering previous hypotheses, a recent study found that Leidenfrost vapor’s collapse temperature does not vary depending on material and fluid properties.

Scientists had hypothesized that the formation temperature of Leidenfrost vapor depends on variations in surfaces and liquids used, but a 2023 study confirmed that the collapse temperature remains consistent.