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Many studies have found a positive association between levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water undisturbed by human activity. Stéphane Guédron, Delphine Tisserand, and colleagues did not find this correlation in an examination of freshwater bodies impacted by wastewater, but Michael E. Berndt and Travis K. Bavin, who studied freshwater bodies disturbed by mining, did find it, leading some scientists to hypothesize that wastewater affects water chemistry differently than mining does. Guédron, Tisserand, and colleagues' study, however, was conducted in Laos, whereas Berndt and Bavin's study was conducted in the United States, suggesting that ______