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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a circa poem written in Middle English—an archaic form of the English spoken today. Over the last several centuries, the English language has undergone such transformations in vocabulary, spelling, and grammar that most readers now rely on translations to read Sir Gawain. In the introduction to his translation, Simon Armitage remarks that the sonic patterns of the poem, which was written in alliterative verse (a verse form featuring extensive repetition of initial consonant sounds), are essential to its structure. Because many Modern English words begin with different sounds than their Middle English equivalents do, a strictly literal translation of Sir Gawain would therefore likely _____