Pointing to the rapid economic development of Singapore and other polities under market capitalism, advocates of developmental-state theory hold that the formal enforcement of meritocratic hiring and other bureaucratic initiatives enable growth. Citing cases as distinct as Jamaica and the United States, proponents of modernization theory hold the inverse, that so-called Weberian bureaucracies emanate from capitalist growth. Yuen Yuen Ang has recently argued that both positions presume linear causality in situations in which neither phenomenon is truly independent of the other.
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Verbal·Information and Ideas·Inferences
hardBased on the text, Ang would most likely agree with which statement about initiatives such as the effort to ensure hiring on meritocratic grounds?
A
They should not be regarded as having independent causes but rather as being the shared result of capitalist growth.
B
They are overemphasized by both developmental-state theory and modernization theory.
C
They show more variation across polities in their relationship to economic development than some theories suggest.
D
They cannot be explained simply as either a precondition of capitalist growth or a consequence of capitalist growth.