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The Federalist Papers are a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison and published pseudonymously in the New York Packet and other New York newspapers in 1787-88. Though the authorship of most of the essays is certain, that of some is obscure: for instance, while No. 15, "The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union," was surely penned by Hamilton, No. 62, "The Senate," may have been written by either Hamilton or Madison. The difficulty of determining No. 62's author arises not from a lack of evidence but from too much contradictory evidence.