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The fecal-steroidal profile of moose is clearly distinct from those of other ungulates. By contrast, bison dung cannot be distinguished from elk dung based solely on their fecal-steroidal profiles, as both contain similar levels of beta-sitosterol and cholestanone, among other sterols. The relative levels of fecal zoostanols (steroids with animal origins), such as coprostanol and epi-coprostanol, in layers of lake bed sediments at Buffalo Ford Lake in Yellowstone National Park show that bison, elk, or both have been the dominant ungulate species in the lake's watershed for at least the last 2,000 years.