Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Researchers have noted that people with clinically typical hearing perceive sounds they believe to be meaningful as quieter than sounds of the same volume that they believe to be noise (i.e., meaningless to the listener). In a recent study, Antonia Olivia Dolan and colleagues allowed participants to listen to (and adjust the volume of) recordings of music in popular genres like acoustic folk and orchestral, as well as recordings of nature sounds. The researchers noted that participants may have treated the nature sounds as noise, which suggests that if a participant was exposed to Jose Gonzalez's 'Heartbeats' and the nature sounds at a volume of 61.5 decibels, the participant likely would have

adjusted the volume of the nature sounds to be greater than 61.5 decibels.

believed that neither the nature sounds nor 'Heartbeats' were at a volume of 61.5 decibels.

experienced the nature sounds as louder than 'Heartbeats' even though they were not.

perceived the nature sounds and 'Heartbeats' to be comparably meaningful despite perceiving the music to be quieter.