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Ningyo joruri is a form of theater that was popular in eighteenth-century Japan and that unites puppetry with playing of the shamisen, a stringed musical instrument. The popularity of ningyo joruri was due to a puppetry method called sannin zukai, in which three puppeteers operated a single puppet that was large, detailed, and capable of extensive movement and nuanced emotional expression. Over the ensuing centuries, audience interest in ningyo joruri began to decline and sannin zukai became prohibitively expensive to mount, so that sannin zukai puppeteers could no longer make the profession a full-time career. Eventually, ningyo joruri productions resorted to cheaper forms of puppetry, such as kuruma ningyo, which involves only one puppeteer.