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Meredith E. Protas and colleagues have explored how convergent evolution—a phenomenon that occurs when the same trait evolves independently in two reproductively separate lineages—can result from a genetic mechanism shared by both lineages. Meanwhile, Cynthia C. Steiner and colleagues have investigated how convergence occurs through different genetic mechanisms, but the relative prevalence of convergence through shared and different genetic processes is still poorly understood. This motivated biologists Delbert A. Green II and Cassandra G. Extavour to evaluate both types of convergence in a single study for their 2012 paper.

Before Green and Extavour's study, convergent evolution was assumed to require a shared genetic mechanism between two lineages that share the trait.

Both the study by Protas and colleagues and that by Green and Extavour compare convergence through shared genetic mechanisms to convergence through different genetic mechanisms.

Green and Extavour's study addresses convergent evolution more comprehensively than the studies by Protas and colleagues and Steiner and colleagues do.

Green and Extavour's study evaluates convergence through shared and different genetic mechanisms together, unlike previous studies that looked at them separately.