Which quotation from a psychologist not involved in the team's study …

Source Texts

Text

Psychologists Gregory Bryant, Dorsa Amir, and colleagues investigated cross-cultural perceptions of spontaneous (real) laughter and volitional (fake or forced) laughter. Study participants from 21 societies, including those in Japan and South Africa, listened to randomized recordings of 18 spontaneous laughs taken from natural conversations between pairs of women and 18 volitional laughs produced separately by 18 different women in response to an experimenter's instruction to laugh. Analysis of the participants' evaluations of the laughs prompted the team to conclude that the ability to distinguish between spontaneous and volitional laughter appears to be universal across cultures.

Which quotation from a psychologist not involved in the team's study would most directly weaken the team's conclusion?

"When an individual chooses to produce volitional laughter in a natural social context, the laughter often shares certain acoustic qualities, such as pitch and fluctuation of intensity, with spontaneous laughter."

"Although the team considered the average size of communities in each society in the study, that demographic factor was found to have no effect on listeners' identifications of laughter as spontaneous or volitional."

"Recent studies in communications have shown that certain acoustic features of spontaneous laughter, such as pitch and intensity, are consistent both within and across societies."

"Judgments of spontaneous laughter are often associated with acoustic features such as greater intensity variability and higher pitch."