Which choice most logically completes the text?

|Question 15Verbal

Source Texts

Text

Anthropogenic noise (sounds from human sources like traffic or mining) can affect animals, as Soledad Lucía Uran and colleagues found in a 2012 study of brown rats. A meta-analysis of more than 100 such studies examining various species found that, for every study, relevant traits or behaviors of the animals were observably different between the exposed group and the otherwise similar but unexposed group, regardless of whether that difference was beneficial or detrimental for the exposed group. So while a study of birds might show a difference that benefits the exposed group, and a study of mammals might show a difference that’s harmful to the exposed group, both differences are substantial. Therefore, the results of the meta-analysis suggest that ______blank

exposure to anthropogenic noise will likely have noticeable effects both on mammals such as brown rats and on birds such as reed buntings, but the nature of that effect could be very different for the two species.

the studies of the birds likely found significantly larger effects of exposure to anthropogenic noise than most studies of mammals except the study of brown rats by Soledad Lucía Uran and colleagues.

the studies in the meta-analysis that examined mammals were more likely than those about birds to specify whether the observed effects were detrimental.

the study conducted by Soledad Lucía Uran and colleagues found substantial differences, but studies included in the meta-analysis of mammals other than brown rats likely did not.