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In Bhutan, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, wood) as a share of total household fuel use fell by approximately two-thirds between 2000 and 2019; such shifts are often explained by appeal to the energy ladder, a model holding that fuel choice is mediated mainly by household income (specifically, high-technology fuels displace solid fuels as incomes rise). Rasmus Heltberg's study of fuel use in Nepal shows this model to be reductive, however; household fuel use was heterogeneous, flexible, and influenced by several factors, including the stability of the local electrical grid.