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Some researchers have characterized the flora and fauna of the South Pacific island of Grande Terre as members of clades that inhabited nearby islands before Grande Terre completely emerged 37 million years ago. Thomas R. Buckley et al. found that the crown age (the age of the most recent common ancestor of all living and extinct species in the clade) of the clade of stick insects on Grande Terre is approximately 41.1 million years, while Jesús Gómez-Zurita et al. found that the crown age of the clade of flea beetles on Grande Terre is approximately 12.8 million years.