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Last-mile delivery refers to the final step in delivering packages to customers --- and this final step can be very difficult. Delivery companies are contending with the increasing popularity of next-day delivery and with complex and inefficient delivery routes, resulting in a growing bottleneck of packages in the last-mile delivery stage. These companies have been experimenting with innovative solutions in last-mile delivery, including autonomous delivery robots (robots that deliver parcels from a van). Unfortunately, many of these innovations create new obstacles (e.g., robots travel relatively slowly since they must navigate many ground-level obstacles) and are not ready for full-scale implementation. As a result, delivery companies will likely ______