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In an extensive review of existing literature, Léna de Framond and team cataloged the prevalence of broken-wing display-a defensive behavior observed in Charadrius semipalmatus (semipalmated plover) and many other species-throughout the Aves class. Documentation of the display in 285 species across 52 families suggests the behavior likely evolved independently multiple times, prompting the team to consider ecological and life-history characteristics with hypothesized associations to the behavior's emergence, including traits related to reproduction investment and future reproduction potential.