Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student's clai…

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Rafael Núñez and colleagues studied how members of the Yupno, an Indigenous group in Papua New Guinea, conceptualize time. The researchers recorded Yupno speakers explaining certain temporal words and phrases, such as abjuk sonda, a present-oriented expression that translates to "this week," and coded each speaker's manual gestures. Previous research has found a tendency in many cultures to make temporal distinctions using spatial concepts and gestures, particularly along egocentric axes (i.e., relative to the orientation of the speaker): for instance, Spanish speakers often refer to the left/right axis to describe events in time. In an anthropology paper, a student claims that the tendency toward ego-based conceptualizations of time is universal.

Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student's claim?

A Yupno speaker points in opposite directions when indicating a past event versus a future event.

Some Yupno grammatical structures used when talking about time are also used in Spanish.

When Yupno speakers who are outdoors use gestures to refer to the future, they point uphill from their current location regardless of which way they are facing.

Although Yupno speakers and Spanish speakers both use gestures to indicate orientation in time, Yupno speakers tend to use fewer gestures overall when speaking than Spanish speakers do.