Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Password strength meters (PSMs) provide real-time feedback to users during the password-creation process about how secure a potential password is. PSMs often include "nudges"—design elements meant to encourage the creation of robust passwords. Other PSMs provide direct guidance on how to create strong passwords. A research team found that the strongest passwords resulted from a combination of these approaches. The team also found that the specific type of nudge (reciprocity, compensation, etc.) did not significantly affect user behavior. It therefore follows that when creating passwords, users receiving ________

both compensation and reciprocity nudges would not be expected to create stronger passwords than users receiving reciprocity nudges only, although users receiving direct guidance would be expected to create stronger passwords than users receiving either type of nudge.

direct guidance would not be expected to create stronger passwords than users receiving compensation nudges, although users receiving compensation nudges would be expected to create stronger passwords than users receiving reciprocity nudges.

reciprocity nudges would not be expected to create stronger passwords than users receiving compensation nudges, although users receiving both direct guidance and reciprocity nudges would be expected to create stronger passwords than users receiving only reciprocity nudges.

both direct guidance and reciprocity nudges would not be expected to create stronger passwords than users receiving reciprocity nudges only, although users receiving this combination would be expected to create stronger passwords than users receiving both direct guidance and compensation nudges.