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Some researchers have characterized the flora and fauna of the South Pacific island of Grande Terre as members of clades that inhabited nearby islands before Grande Terre completely emerged 37 million years ago. Astrid Cruaud et al. found that the crown age (the age of the most recent common ancestor of all living and extinct species in the clade) of the clade of fig wasps on Grande Terre is approximately 40.3 million years, while Yohan Pillon et al. found that the crown age of the clade of Geissois trees on Grande Terre is approximately 7.3 million years.