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In medieval England, singers and minstrels made livings as traveling performers, but the pieces they performed have been a mystery, thought to be lost or never committed to paper at all. Recently, however, James Wade has argued that a manuscript collection compiled in the fifteenth century by Richard Heege contains three pieces likely copied from a repertoire book belonging to a minstrel working in the area around Heege's home. Wade cites features of the texts indicative of live performance, such as chastising the audience, extensive use of simple structures (allowing for easy memorization), and requests for tips (payment) from listeners.