Effect of Neighboring Species by Type on Target Species
| Neighboring species | Neighboring species type | Target species | Effect value |
|---|---|---|---|
| viper’s bugloss | invasive | butterfly flower | -0.3312 |
| purple loosestrife | invasive | winged loosestrife | -2.2434 |
| Virginia spring beauty | native | star chickweed | 0.8674 |
| Canadian wood betony | native | mayapple | 0.4729 |
Researchers Carolina Laura Morales and Anna Traveset gathered data about flowering plants growing alongside each other in various locations. In each case, the researchers identified a native plant as a “target species” and a neighboring invasive or native plant as a “neighboring species.”