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A 1990 study of schooling fish observed the fish mimicking the behavior of school-mates rapidly swimming away from a predator. This is an example of an information cascade that benefits the collective. ______ the animal world is at times susceptible to the spread of misinformation, often with unfavorable results: a 2010 study of semipalmated sandpipers concluded that fleeing in response to flock-mates' false alarms caused the birds to abandon safe nesting grounds unnecessarily.