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To measure changes in parasite abundance over time, Chelsea Wood and colleagues counted parasite individuals preserved on specimens of striped sea perch, surf smelt, and six other fish species collected from Puget Sound between 1880 and 2019. Using statistical models to estimate historical populations, the researchers determined that for every 1°C increase in annual average sea surface temperature, the abundance of complex life cycle parasites like Lecithaster sp. that require at least three unique host species throughout their life cycle decreased by 38%. However, the abundance of Bomolochus bellones and other directly transmitted parasites, which require only one host species, was essentially unchanged. These findings suggest that ______blank

Lecithaster sp. abundance decreased by 38% over the period studied, whereas B. bellones abundance did not.

parasites that rely exclusively on either striped sea perch or surf smelt are more sensitive to rising temperatures than are parasites that can infect both species throughout their life cycles.

dependency on only a single host species may confer on parasites some resilience to rising sea surface temperatures.

as the number of hosts that complex life cycle parasites require increases, the parasites’ tolerance for rising sea surface temperatures decreases proportionally.