Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the convention…

Source Texts

Text

Synthesized calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNPs) can be used to improve the healing and regeneration of broken bones; this function, well suited for multiple medical applications, _____ from the biocompatible properties of these particles.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

stemming

having stemmed

stems

to stem